Flask Debug Mode RCE
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How to Avoid Remote Code Execution Vulnerabilities in Flask Debug Mode
Flask is a popular web framework for Python that provides a simple and flexible way to create web applications. However, Flask also comes with some features that can pose serious security risks if not used properly. One of these features is the built-in debugger, which allows developers to inspect and execute arbitrary Python code from the browser when an unhandled error occurs during a request.
The built-in debugger is very useful for debugging application errors during development, but it should never be enabled in a production environment. The debugger is protected by a pin, but that should not be relied on for security. A malicious user could exploit the debugger to run remote code execution (RCE) attacks on the server, which could compromise the application and the underlying system.
In this article, we will explain how to avoid RCE vulnerabilities in Flask debug mode by following some best practices and recommendations.
Do not run the development server or enable the built-in debugger in production
The first and most important rule is to never run the development server or enable the built-in debugger in a production environment. The development server is not designed to handle high traffic or concurrent requests, and it does not provide any security features such as HTTPS or authentication. The built-in debugger is even more dangerous, as it exposes a web-based console that can execute any Python code on the server.
To enable the debugger, you need to run the development server with the FLASK_ENV environment variable set to development. This puts Flask in debug mode, which changes how it handles some errors, and enables the debugger and reloader. For example:
$ export FLASK_ENV=development
$ flask run
FLASK_ENV can only be set as an environment variable. When running from Python code, passing debug=True enables debug mode, which is mostly equivalent. For example:
app.run(debug=True)
You can also control debug mode separately from FLASK_ENV with the FLASK_DEBUG environment variable as well.
To disable the debugger and reloader, you can use the --no-debugger and --no-reload options when running the flask command. For example:
$ flask run --no-debugger --no-reload
When running from Python code, you can pass use_debugger=False and use_reloader=False to app.run(). For example:
app.run(debug=True, use_debugger=False, use_reloader=False)
You should always use these options when using an external debugger or IDE, as they can interfere with the built-in debugger and reloader.
Use an error logging tool or enable logging and notifications
In production, you should use an error logging tool, such as Sentry, as described in Error Logging Tools, or enable logging and notifications as described in Logging. These tools can help you monitor and troubleshoot application errors without exposing sensitive information or allowing code execution.
Add some code to start an external debugger if request.remote_addr matches your IP
If you have access to the server, you could add some code to start an external debugger if request.remote_addr matches your IP. Some IDE debuggers also have a remote mode so breakpoints on the server can be interacted with locally. Only enable a debugger temporarily and make sure your IP is not accessible by anyone else.
Conclusion
In this article, we learned how to avoid RCE vulnerabilities in Flask debug mode by following some best practices and recommendations. We learned how to disable the built-in debugger and reloader in production, how to use error logging tools or enable logging and notifications, and how to use external debuggers safely. By following these steps, a474f39169